The ultrafast conversion of electrical signals to optical signals at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest for data processing, telecommunication and optical interconnects. However, the modulation bandwidths of semiconductor light-emitting diodes are limited by the spontaneous recombination rate of electron–hole pairs, and the footprint of electrically driven ultrafast lasers is too large for practical on-chip integration. A metal–insulator–metal tunnel junction approaches the ultimate size limit of electronic devices and its operating speed is fundamentally limited only by the tunnelling time. Here, we study the conversion of electrons (localized in vertical gold–hexagonal boron nitride–gold tunnel junctions) to free-space photons, mediated by resonant slot antennas. Optical antennas efficiently bridge the size mismatch between nanoscale volumes and far-field radiation and strongly enhance the electron–photon conversion efficiency. We achieve polarized, directional and resonantly enhanced light emission from inelastic electron tunnelling and establish a novel platform for studying the interaction of electrons with strongly localized electromagnetic fields.

Nature Nanotechnology 10, 1058–1063 (2015) doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.203
Received 09 February 2015 Accepted 10 August 2015 Published online 14 September 2015

http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v10/n12/full/nnano.2015.203.html